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The map–territory relation describes the relationship between an object and a representation of that object, as in the relation between a geographical territory and a map of it. Polish-American scientist and philosopher Alfred Korzybski remarked that "the map is not the territory", encapsulating his view that an abstraction derived from something, or a reaction to it, is not the thing itself. Korzybski held that many people do confuse maps with territories, that is, confuse models of reality with reality itself. =="The map is not the territory"== The expression "the map is not the territory" first appeared in print in a paper that Alfred Korzybski gave at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in New Orleans, Louisiana in 1931:〔Alfred Korzybski coined the expression in "A Non-Aristotelian System and its Necessity for Rigour in Mathematics and Physics", a paper presented before the American Mathematical Society at the New Orleans, Louisiana, meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 28, 1931. Reprinted in ''Science and Sanity'', 1933, p. 747–61.〕 In Science and Sanity, Korzybski acknowledges his debt to mathematician Eric Temple Bell, whose epigram "the map is not the thing mapped" was published in Numerology.〔Numerology: The Magic of Numbers (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1933).〕 * A) A map may have a structure similar or dissimilar to the structure of the territory... * B) A map is not the territory. The Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte illustrated the concept of "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves"〔Rene Magritte's surrealism to be to illustrate the point that, "perception always intercedes between reality and ourselves". See for example, p.15-16 (Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and Manipulation in Visual Communication ) by Ann Marie Barry ((bio ))〕 in a number of paintings including a famous work entitled ''The Treachery of Images'', which consists of a drawing of a pipe with the caption, ''Ceci n'est pas une pipe'' ("This is not a pipe"). In ''The Medium Is the Massage'', Marshall McLuhan expanded this argument to electronic media. Media representations, especially on screens, are abstractions; are virtual "extensions" of what our sensory channels, bodies, thinking and feeling do for us in real life. This concept occurs in the discussion of exoteric and esoteric religions. Exoteric concepts are concepts which can be fully conveyed using descriptors and language constructs, such as mathematics. Esoteric concepts are concepts which cannot be fully conveyed except by direct experience. For example, a person who has never tasted an apple will never fully understand through language what the taste of an apple is. Only through direct experience (eating an apple) can that experience be fully understood. Lewis Carroll, in ''Sylvie and Bruno Concluded'' (1893), made the point humorously with his description of a fictional map that had "the scale of a mile to the mile". A character notes some practical difficulties with such a map and states that "we now use the country itself, as its own map, and I assure you it does nearly as well." Laura Riding, in her poem "The Map of Places" (1927), deals with this relation: "The map of places passes. The reality of paper tears." The University of Cambridge economist Joan Robinson (1962) emphasized the disutility of 1:1 maps and other overly detailed models: "A model which took account of all the variegation of reality would be of no more use than a map at the scale of one to one." Korzybski's argument about the map and the territory also influenced the Belgian surrealist writer of comics Jan Bucquoy for a storyline in his comic ''Labyrinthe'': a map can never guarantee that one will find the way out, because the accumulation of events can change the way one looks at reality. Historian of religions J. Z. Smith wrote a book entitled ''Map is not Territory: Studies in the History of Religions'' (1978, University of Chicago Press 1993 paperback: ISBN 0-226-76357-9). Author Robert M. Pirsig uses the idea both theoretically and literally in his book ''Lila'' when the main character/author becomes temporarily lost due to an over reliance on a map, rather than the territory that the map describes.〔Robert M Pirsig Lila -An Inquiry into Morals (1991) pp.363-364〕 In 2010, French author Michel Houellebecq published his novel, ''La Carte et le Territoire'', translated into English as ''The Map and the Territory''. The title was a reference to Alfred Korzybski's aphorism. The novel was awarded the French literary prize, the Prix Goncourt. Robert Anton Wilson, in his book "Prometheus Rising", also makes this point about the map not being reality. He explicitly attempts to explain this important principle to the reader. Mathematician James A. Lindsay made the idea that the map is not reality a primary theme of his 2013 book ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly''. In it, he argues that all of our scientific theories, mathematics, and even the idea of God are conceptual maps often confused "for the terrain" they attempt to explain. In a foreword to the book, physicist Victor J. Stenger expresses agreement with this point of view.〔Lindsay, James A. (2013). ''Dot, Dot, Dot: Infinity Plus God Equals Folly'', Fareham: Onus Books〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Map–territory relation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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